What Is The Human Genome Project Essays - Genetics, Genomics

What is the Human Genome Project? The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international research program designed to construct detailed genetic and physical maps of the human genome, to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, to localize the estimated 80,000 genes within the human genome, and to perform similar analyses on the genomes of several other organisms used extensively in research laboratories as model systems. This project is estimated to take 15 years to complete from October 1990 and has already cost the U.S. 2.5 billion dollars. The scientific products of the HGP will comprise a resource of detailed information about the structure, organization and function of human DNA, information that is the basic set of inherited instructions for the development and functioning of a human being. What is the overall goal of the Project? In September, advisory committees at DOE and NIH approved new 5-year goals aimed at completing the Human Genome Project two years earlier than originally planned in 1990. The new plan, published in the October 23, 1998 issue of Science, covers fiscal years 1999-2003 and calls for generating a working draft of the human genome DNA sequence by 2001 and obtaining the complete and highly accurate reference sequence by 2003. A new goal focuses on identifying regions of the human genome that differ from person to person. Although the vast majority of our DNA sequences are the same, scientists estimate that humans are 99.9% identical genetically. These DNA sequence variations can have a major impact on how our bodies respond to disease, environmental insults, such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, drugs and other therapies. Other major goals outlined in the plan include exploring the functions of human genes using methods that include comparing human DNA sequences with those from organisms such as the laboratory mouse and yeast. Then they must address the ethical, legal, and social issues surrounding genetic tools and data, develop the computational capability to collect, store, and analyze DNA. If successful, the completion of the human DNA sequence in 2003 will be the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick's description of the fundamental structure of DNA. Already revolutionizing biology, genome research provides a vital thrust to the increasing productivity and pervasiveness of the life sciences. Current and potential applications of genome research address national needs in molecular medicine, waste control and environmental cleanup, biotechnology, energy sources, and risk assessment. Scientific Processes Chromosomes, which range in size from 50 million to 250 million bases are broken into very short pieces. Each short piece is used as a template to generate a set of fragments that differ in length from each other by a single base (template preparation and sequencing reaction steps). Now the fragments in a set are separated by gel electrophoresis. Then fluorescent dyes allow separation of all four fragments in a single lane on the gel. The final base at the end of each fragment is identified (base calling step). This process recreates the original sequence of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs for each short piece generated in the first step. Current electrophoresis limits are about 500-700 bases sequenced per read. Automated sequences analyze the resulting electropherograms and the result is a four-color chromatogram showing peaks that represent each of the 4 DNA bases. After the bases are read by a computer, another computer is used to assemble the short sequences in blocks of about 500 bases each, called the read length into long continuous stretches that are analyzed for errors, gene-coding regions, and other characteristics. Finished sequence is submitted to public sequence databases, such as GenBank. Now The Human Genome Project sequence data is made free to anyone around the world who would like to view it. Benefits of the completed Project This project will be a great jump in understanding human genes which will provide us with many answers we would like to know, and many that we haven't thought about yet. Genome maps of other organisms will provided so we can compare them to the human genome and let us compare and understand other biological systems. Information generated and technologies developed will revolutionize future biological explorations. Genes involved in various genetic diseases will be found, and further studies will lead to an understanding of how those genes contribute to genetic diseases. Among these diseases will be the genes involved in cancer. Medical practices will be altered when new clinical technologies based on DNA diagnostics are combined with information coming from genome maps. Researchers will be able to identify individuals predisposed to particular diseases and come up with therapeutic practices based on new classes of drugs, immunotherapy techniques, avoidance of environmental conditions that may trigger disease, and possible

4 Different Ways to Choose Your Music Essay Topics

4 Different Ways to Choose Your Music Essay TopicsIf you are writing a music essay, there are four ways to choose your music essay topics. The essay topics chosen for your essay will influence the format and style of your essay. Here are four music essay topics to choose from:First, music essays have become more popular these days because students are now becoming more concerned about academic achievements. It is important that the student learns about music through their own unique perspective. Because many music courses include examples of each type of music, it is a good idea to explore some of the genres that are practiced in today's world. For example, a student might decide to go to a rock concert or an opera for their musical experience.Second, music essay topics can be about the trends in music, especially if the topic you are writing is about the appreciation of one genre. For example, if you are writing about a songwriter, or a band, you can make a point about the trend in the music industry. Also, you could write about some of the specific qualities of the song or artist that made the music famous, such as the lyrics.Third, if you want to get into the subject of music, you may want to consider writing about the best musical quotes in history. For example, if you happen to have a favorite song, you can discuss how it influenced other artists, and how their musical taste changed. Also, if you are writing about your favorite artist, then you can discuss their career. When talking about the best songs ever written, you can also talk about their influence on the artists who came after them.Fourth, there are many styles of essay topics that are utilized by different classes. For example, if you want to write an English essay on Shakespeare, you would want to research how the history of the English language is influenced by Shakespeare. Additionally, if you want to write an essay on music, then you would want to learn about the style and influence of music. For example, the popularity of songs like 'New York, New York' has left a huge mark on contemporary pop culture.Finally, make sure that you do not cover all the different types of essay topics before beginning your essay. In fact, you should only study a single type for at least a couple of weeks, so that when you reach the end of your course, you will be familiar with the styles. Additionally, you should have a writing sample and practice those samples until you get them perfect.As you can see, there are four different ways to choose your music essay topics. Remember that your topics can change over time. The last thing you want to do is to forget that essay topics you used, so be sure to make a list as you move through your course.