Bloom's Taxonomy of education and it's use in Nursing Education Research Paper

Bloom's Taxonomy of education and it's use in Nursing Education - Research Paper Example As Su and Osisek (2011) states, â€Å"Educators can facilitate knowledge transfer by developing instructional designs that incorporate subject content and cognitive processes related to the use of the subject content† (p. 321). To meet this educational need, Bloom’s Taxonomy provides a complete and effective framework to nursing learners. Let us discuss how Bloom’s Taxonomy of education can be used to manage patients with chronic diseases. The domains outlined by Bloom’s Taxonomy of education include cognitive domain, affective domain, and psychomotor domain. Although initially these domains used to deal only with academic education, but with the passage of time revisions in Bloom’s taxonomy have made them relevant for all types of learning. At present, these domains are proving very helpful for nurses in managing patients with chronic diseases. Let us discuss the three types of domains outlined by Bloom’s Taxonomy in relation with nursing education. The cognitive domain deals with development of intellectual skills of learners. This domain works toward improving knowledge of learners by making them skilled in recognizing facts, applying knowledge to practice, and using knowledge to recall data. For nursing professionals, this domain is very important because it makes them diagnose different chronic diseases and apply proper knowledge to deal with those diseases. The main learning functions associated with cognitive domain include recalling, understanding, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating. Nursing professionals can use the acquired knowledge in nursing practices. Using this domain, nurses can learn about different treatments for chronic diseases, apply nursing knowledge into practice, develop new treatments, and assess effectives of new and existing treatments. The affective domains makes learners learn the ways to perceive and do something using emotional frame of mind. The key actions

Examination of benefits of using IT Software in value added elements Essay

Examination of benefits of using IT Software in value added elements in supplier procurement - Essay Example A shorter purchasing cycle to maintain lower inventory levels and respond more quickly to stock-outs is the core business value through e-procurement. Along with some strategical challenges on implementation, study observed standardization and internationalization of problems as few limitations of the technology integration with e-procurement. In the late 1990s, big corporations managed their supply chains with a combination of paper, faxes, e-mail, and proprietary electronic data interchange networks. But these systems provided opportunities for errors. Executives responsible for maintaining an unceasing flow of supplies to keep production lines running and distant field operations on schedule were at the mercy of primitive purchasing processes that were beyond their control. Though they could select from a host of qualified suppliers, they didnt have the most convenient ways to find the perfect supplier with exactly the right product at just the right price. Alternatively, it could take days or weeks to have the requisitions signed by executives who spend most of their time on the road. A critical pre-requisite for success in digital economy is the implementation of an integrated value chain that extends across - and beyond - the enterprise. The term "extended enterprise" represents a new concept that a company is made up not just of its employees, its board members, and executives, but also its business partners, its suppliers, and its customers. The notion of extended enterprise includes many different arrangements such as virtual integration, outsourcing, distribution agreements, collaborative marketing, R&D program partnerships, alliances, joint ventures, preferred suppliers, and customer partnership. Enterprises that have global operations or need to deal with a multitude of suppliers are finding that e-procurement has

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents

Consumer Behaviour of Brazilians to detergents Consumer behaviour is a process where individuals or groups go through to select, purchase, use and dispose of goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009). The major question for any company: How do consumers respond to various marketing efforts the company might use? The following diagram shows that the marketing and stimuli enter the consumers Black Box (consumers mind) and produce certain responses. Fig 1: Stimulus response model of buyer behaviour Consumer behaviours are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics as shown below: Fig 2: Factors influencing consumer behaviour (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) Culture: Culture is the most basic value of a persons wants and behaviour. In Unilever case at Brazil, the clothes are washed more frequently in NE than SE approx. 5 times a week against 3.9 times. Most of the women at NE are housewives and they took this activity of washing clothes as pleasurable activities. There is one more reason that the women at NE mostly do their washing in a public laundry, river or pond because it gives them an opportunity to become social, meet their friends where at SE mostly women do their washing at home alone. The people at NE also attach the cleanliness as a symbolic value to their status. Due to the cultural differences and washing methods, the laundry soap consumption at NE per buyer is 20.4 kg against only 6.8 kg of SE. On the contrast, there was very less difference between the consumption of detergent powders between NE and SE, only 1.5 kg per buyer. (refer to exhibit 3) Social Class: Social classes are societys relatively permanent and ordered divisions whose member share similar values, interests and behaviours. In Brazil there are 5 social classes based on the income as: A, B, C, D and E (E+ E-). As per exhibit 2, only 21% population of SE is E class compared to 53% of NE. So the most of the population at NE are low income consumers. Generally the lower social class people are more culture-bound which shows their behaviour of buying detergents. Family: Family members can strongly influence buyer behaviour. The buyers spouse and children has a direct influence on everyday buying behaviour. In case of Brazil, majority of NE women see the cleanliness of clothes as an indication of the dedication of the mother to her family in spite of washing through laundry soap requires an intensive labour. This fact influences the consumer to buy the different detergents mostly laundry soaps at Brazil. Most of the families with washing machine prefer to buy detergent powder (there only 28% household own the washing machine at NE) instead of laundry soap. Economic Situation: A persons economic situation will affect product choice which is clearly visible at Brazil. The low income consumers of NE would like to buy Omo, the best brand of the market but their tight budget leads them to buy cheaper local brands from the nearby small shops. Perception and Beliefs: In Brazil, the consumers (primarily low income) evaluate the detergent against the six key attributes as shown in exhibit 6 along with price. Since Campeiro scored very low on all the attributes and resulted with only 6% of market share. The consumers of NE are very particular about the various attributes of detergents like power of the detergent (its ability to clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity of product) judged by the quantity of foam it produced. The low income consumers are also very much attached with boxes and regarded anything else as good for only second-rate products. The major factors which influence the consumer behaviour are discussed above. Most large companies also research consumer buying decisions which are closely related with the factors of consumer behaviour. A typical buyer decision process can be shown as below: Fig:3 Buyer Decision Process Model (Source: Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong John Saunders, Principles of Marketing, 1999) In the given case, the purchase of detergent is a regular purchase for any family. Since the most of the families owned a washing machine at SE, so they are much focussed to buy the detergent powder. At NE only 28% households own the washing machine. The important fact here is that both the consumers of NE and SE are well aware about the brand and recognises Omo as the best detergent powder in the market. But at NE, approx 53% consumers cant afford to buy the Omo due to their low-income. The Northeasterns are also not fond of shopping at big retails like Wal-Mart, instead of they prefer to buy the detergent from the near buy shops. As per the details provided in the case, it seems that the Unilever brand is not available in 75000 small store of NE where the products of their competitors are available. In this situation, the consumers have limited option to buy. Answer 1 (ii) The market in terms of the main brands/players and their strategies At present in the NE detergent market, there are only two major players- Unilever and Procter Gamble. There are a few local players are also available in the market but mostly they are in the laundry soap market. Unilever is a US$56 billion company, headquartered in London (UK) with 300,000 employees in more than 150 countries. Unilever started its operation in 1929 and now become a pioneer of the consumer goods industry in Brazil. Unilever launched the first detergent powder as Omo in the Brazilian market. As mentioned in the case, Unilever is a market leader in the detergent powder category, having 81% of market share with three brands: Omo (one of the Brazils favourite brand) Minerva (Only brand sold as both detergent powder and laundry soap) Campeiro (Unilevers cheapest brand) Omo is a premium product with 52% of market share at a price of $3/kg. The main USP of Omo is the high ability to remove stains. Minerva is relatively cheaper brand as compare to Omo with 17% share in the detergent powder at a price of $2.4/kg. Minerva is the only Unilever brand which is competing with local brands in laundry soap market and is the market leader. In the laundry soap market Minerva have 19% share at a price of $1.7/kg. On the other hand, Procter Gamble is a US$40 billion company, headquartered in Cincinnati (US) with 98,000 employees in 80 countries. PG entered in the Brazilian market in 1988 and acquired the detergent business of a Brazilian company named as Bombril and its three brands: Quonto (migrated as Ace) Odd Fases (migrated as Bold) Pop (low-price brand) PG is the second player with 15% share of the Brazilian detergent market. Ace is the main brand of PG and competitor to Unilever products (Omo and Minerva) with 11% share in the detergent powder market at a price of $2.4/kg. The other products of PG have only 6% share of the market at a price of $2.3/kg. PG did not manufacture laundry soap. At present the NE detergent powder market worth of US$106 million is growing with a remarkable annual rate of 17%. Since the manufacturing process is very capital intensive, so the entry barrier is very high in this market. On the contrary, the laundry soap market worth of US$102 millions is growing at a slower annual rate of 6%. Since the production of soap is very cheap, thus there are low barriers to entry. Currently PG are targeting towards the low-income consumers of the NE market. PG drawing on worldwide RD and marketing expertise is closing up and will attack to this segment. There were also threats of small local brands targeted at low-income consumers. Unilever is also looking to explore the growth opportunities in the detergent market to low-income consumers of NE. But Unilever is facing some internal resistance from Mr. Fernanda Machado (Category Manager for detergents). Answer 1(iii) Present situation of Unilever and its Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats With the data available in the case study, the Unilever SWOT analysis is as below: Table :1 SWOT Analysis Answer 2 Strategy for Unilever in Brazil Unilever would follow the Target Marketing Strategy (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) strategy for the low-income consumers in Brazil. The following diagram explains the various steps involved Target- marketing process: Source: Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell Marketing: Real People, Real Decisions 1st European Editions Fig: 4 Steps in the Targeting Marketing Strategy Segmentation: The detergent market at Brazil is already segmented into two parts: High Income consumers living at Southeast Low income consumers living at Northeast The Northeast market could be classified under Geodemography segment due to most of the consumers have low income and share similar characteristics. Targeting: Detergent Market segment is registering a 17% annual growth in Brazil and there is a big potential market in NE with 48 M of Low Income consumers. The Purchasing power of the low income consumers has increased by 27%. Positioning: Here Unilever had to develop a strategy for the target segment with a product that meets the consumers requirement and expectations. Based on the current situation as mentioned in the case, I feel that the Unilever has the following options to penetrate the low income consumers at Brazil: Option 1- Unilever could reposition the Minerva further down market in relation to Omo Brand Option 2- Unilever could re-launch of the Campeiro as a low-cost brand Option 3- Unilever could develop a cheaper version of the Omo brand Option 4- Unilever can create a new Brand or launch a new brand from its portfolio in Brazil. Option 1 will be less costly option to implement by Unilever since Minerva brand is already present in the mind of Brazilian consumers. But I feel that it was not well positioned in the market. Minerva is a product target to the middle income consumers and there was no details mentioned in the case about them. Thus repositioning Minerva to further down for low income consumers will reduce its market share from 17% (refer Exhibit 7) to even lower therefore it will create a new opportunity for other competitors in the market. Option 2 will become costly and ineffective for Unilever because already Campeiro is recognized as a low cost and low quality product (with ref. to exhibit 8). Hence changing the image of Campeiro in consumers (low income) mind will take a very long time to achieve. Option 3 could not be implemented by Unilever because Omo is a high quality and high price product (ref. to exhibit 5, 7, 8 9). It would also create confusion between the two version of Omo (High quality and the cheaper version) in the detergent powder market. There is also a possibility that the consumers of Southeast also start consuming the cheaper version on Omo and it will lead towards the reduced sale of High quality Omo. So Unilever should not attempt to develop a cheaper version of Omo. Option 4 based on the SWOT analysis (refer table 1, Page no. 7); Unilever could plan to develop a new product for the low income consumers. Since Unilever is having a very vast range of detergent brands. So instead of investing to develop a new product, Unilever might also choose a product from its Latin America portfolio, a brand which satisfies the needs of low income consumers with in Brazil. Unilever can use either of PULL or PUSH strategy in order to penetrate the Low income consumer market of Northeast Brazil. The Push strategy: There was no doubt that the best detergent available on the Brazilian market is Omo. With ref to the exhibit 7, Unilever dont have any competitor for their Omo brand being the costliest product in the detergent powder market. As per option4, Unilever should introduce the extension of Minerva Brand instead of developing a new brand. The extension of Minerva brand as Minerva Blue 10/10; with more cleaning power while retaining the fragrance and less emphasis on softness; packaged in the cardboard boxes. Now the following Marketing Mix should be implemented to penetrate the Northeast market: Minerva Blues target groups are the low income consumers who buy local brands and detergents from the small stores located in Northeast. The Marketing Mix for PUSH strategy is as below: Product: The Minerva Blue would be packaged in two sizes 1 Kg and 500 g. The Minerva Blue would be designed attractively so that the even illiterate consumers can recognize it very easily. The packaging should be designed in such a way that it would be easy to open and also protect the powder from humidity. Price: The price of Minerva Blue should be cheaper than Campeiro. Unilever have to identify a cheaper packaging formula so that it can reduce the whole sale price of Minerva Blue below than Campeiro. Unilever could use the following approach to price the Minerva Blue: Formulation cost: $ 1.00 Packaging cost: $ 0.30 Promotional cost: $ 0.30 Distribution cost: $ 0.05 Total cost: $ 1.65 Place: As per the details mentioned in the given case, Northeasterns are not in favor to shop from big outlets, they prefer to shop from small stores. The big issue is that Unilever detergents are absent from 75,000 stores in Northeast where the products of other competitors like PG and as well as local brands are available. Distribution of the products in Northeast is the major weakness of Unilever. In order to cover all the 75,000 small stores of Northeast, Unilever should have to introduce its own units of vans, visiting every single store trying to list all Unilever detergent brands. Unilever could also distribute its Minerva Blue brand in SE, as per exhibit 2, approx 21% of the population of Southeast is in class E. Promotion: Since the consumers of Northeast are buying from the nearby small stores. Thus Unilever should focus to have promotions and visibility of their products in those stores. The promotion should be in such a way that when a consumer entered into a small store must realize that the Unilever had created a brand Minerva Blue only for him, his own version of Omo. Unilever could follow the conventional methods of advertising ATL (Above the Line) campaign to deliver the right message to the low income consumers through media such as television, radio, print and banners to promote its brand. As per the given details, the Brazilians are avid television watchers irrespective of their income. Unilever could also promote their product in popular parties of Northeast like Carnival, Forro Festivals and Maracatu. The low income consumers might be reluctant to buy a product advertised as FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE, because it gives a message of inferior quality product. So Unilever should never use in an ATL communication the term of FOR LOW INCOME PEOPLE . Pull strategy: With ref. to the case, there are total 7 products in the detergent powder market where 75% of market share captured by Unilever through its 3 products all combined: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro (ref. to exhibit 7). Thus introduction of a new product from its portfolio will create cannibalization for Unilever. The same concern is also raised by Mr. Fernanda. So instead of introducing a new brand in the market, Unilever should focus to expand its detergent powder market share by adding new consumers. This can be achieved only by pushing the low income consumers to buy Unilever products. In other words, upgrade the laundry soap consumers to detergent powder consumers. The marketing MIX for PULL strategy is as below: Product: Unilever had to promote their all 3 brands: Omo, Minerva and Campeiro in the small stores of Northeast. Promotion: The promotion strategy would remain same as PUSH strategy. On top of that in store promotions are very important. Unilever could offer a very attractive offer to the low income consumer which insist the NE population to buy the Unilever products like Buy 1 Campeiro and get one free or can earn some points which could lead them to get a free Omo etc. The above strategy will attract new consumers for detergent powders. Simultaneously Unilever could also signup business contracts to promote the Unilever products with the Washing machine dealers. So whenever any consumer buys a new washing machine the dealer would suggest them to use only the Unilever Brand detergent powders. Place: The distribution strategy could be the same as mentioned in the PULL Strategy. In addition to that, Unilever should ensure that in any small store their all 3 brands must be available at any moment with different SKU which gives an opportunity to the capable consumers to upgrade themselves for high price detergents. Unilever should also ensure that if the small store owners/managers can offer an exclusive section of Unilever products where only Unilever products are available. So in such case consumer dont have any options to buy any other detergent. Price: Currently Campeiro is the only brand focused to low income consumers which is available for $ 1.70 to retailers compare to its actual cost $ 1.45. Thus at wholesale price Unilever is able to have the margin of approximately 17%. Hence Unilever could reduce its margin by redefining the formula of Campeiro which could add some more attribute as per the need of NE consumers like clean and whiten clothes with a small quantity with good quantity of foam, add some perfume etc. Conclusion: Being the low income consumers doesnt affect their brand conscious. These consumers are always looking for good and reliable quality product at a fair price. These consumers might not be able to afford the best brand of the market, but they do see the high price of such products as an indication of value. More than three-quarters of the global population is low income, and many of them have been historically beyond the reach of organized retailers. In the given case study of Brazilian Fabric Wash Market, the population of Northeast is well aware about the Unilever Brand: Omo but due to high price they cant afford it. To serve low-income consumers successfully, Unilever must first account for their lower purchasing power. To penetrate the Low income market, Unilever might use the concept of 4 As as below: Promote offering through mix of outlets Reduce Cost to serve Shorten Supply Chain Select and support retailers Localize sourcing Reduce packaging size for low price per unit Focus development on customers Employ innovative thinking to meet Fig: 4As Diagram Sources: Jame Andereson, Net Blog Serving the worlds Poor, Innovation at the base of Economic Pyramid Based on the above discussion of PUSH and PULL strategies, PULL strategy would give the result in a longer term but the PUSH strategy would give the result immediately. So I would recommend PUSH strategy as the Best Strategy for Unilever in Brazil. In the short term, Money need to be invested and therefore diverted from premium brands to low price brand. It gives Unilever a momentum and advantage in a fast growing market. With the right strategy, low income consumers will be ready to pay for a new brand and Omo buyers will not move which will make Unilever a leader in low-income consumer marketing.

Subjects of International Law Essays -- International Law

In any kind of legal relations, subject always play an important role, and it is one of the signals to determine the relation that pertaining the adjustment of any legislation system. International law is a legislation system that is a set of thousands of documents from various sources. The research about the subjects is necessary since it helps to find out the source of law, which relation pertains the adjustment of law. The subjects of international law include sovereign states and analogous entities, intergovernmental organizations, the individuals, and multinational corporations. First of all, we need to know the definition of the subjects of international law. In the perspective of legal theories, to identify the subjects of international law must be based on these following basic signals: The participation in international legal relations that be adjusted by the international law; having the will of independence in international activities; having a full rights and obligations severally toward other objects under the scope to adjust of international law; ability of shoulder the international legal responsibility for the acts executed by object. Generally, objects of international law are the entities that are participating in, or may have the ability to participate in the international legal relations independently. They have the full legal international rights and obligations for the acts executed by object. About the power of the subjects of international law, it is the basic properties, the special legal ability of the subjects that inherited the rights and shoulder the obligations, legal responsibility in international legal relations. Subjects' power includes two aspects, and only when ones get all these two aspec... ...References Acquaviva, G, 2005, 'Subjects of international law: a power-based analysis', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, viewed 7 January 2011, . Hamid, AG, 'The subjects of international law', viewed 7 January 2011, SUBJECTS%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL.pdf>. Queen's University Belfast 2011, Subjects of International Law, Northern Ireland, viewed 7 January 2011, Library/>. Wikipedia Contributors 2011, 'International law', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 January, viewed 7 January 2011, .

The Controversy over Athlete Salaries

Athlete Salaries The salaries of professional and collegiate athletes have always been a matter of debate. How much or how little athletes are being paid, and how it affects the sport, has been in countless discussions between players, fans, reporters, agents, and sports analysts. Some believe that players don’t deserve huge contracts, and most players that have huge contracts are overpaid and it hurts the sport. Then again, others feel that players work hard for their contracts and most athletes deserve their money. My stance on the issue is probably the same as most fans, and different from most owners.The sports industry racks in huge sums of money every year and if athletes aren’t receiving that money, most likely the owners and commissioners are collecting most of the money. I personally feel that the athletes are doing the most work therefore; they should be getting paid the most. I understand that a lot of work goes on behind the scenes when it comes to sports, b ut it’s unfair to athletes to give most of the money to owners while the athletes are doing all of the hard work. Today more people are attending sporting events than ever before.Sports have a unique ability to bring people of all races, social classes, and genders together and shape one common goal, the wellbeing of their home team. Sports also give people a sense of excitement and hope. When fans see their favorite sports star hit a home run, score a basket or touchdown it gives them belief that they can do well in their own endeavors, it gives confidence to kids that they have the potential to be in their position one day. If sports do this much for the people of our country, then the players should be paid accordingly. Apparently most owners and commissioners don’t believe so.Recently in the NBA David Stern, the NBA commissioner, has been reported saying, â€Å"the league is losing money, and the league office says a new economic plan is needed for future viabilit y†. That new economic plan is a new salary cap and potentially a soon to be lock out. A lock out in the NBA would hopefully put pressure on the NBA players union to work with the NBA owners on lowering the pay of most players. A lock out for the NBA would be extremely detrimental. It would mean that the players and games that NBA fans desire to see every year won’t be there.Players would be without a job, and most of them would ponder going overseas to play where the fan base is just as prevalent as in the US. They are two sides to this story, Owners rely on star players to sell tickets and paraphernalia, having a lockout would essentially decrease ratings, ticket sells, and the overall happiness of the players. With the threat of players having the option of going overseas, NBA fans have to be concerned. Players have never been hesitant to go overseas, especially when they don’t get what they want from the NBA.Allen Iverson has been one of the most notable athle tes to go to the European Basketball League. After most teams in the NBA refused to sign a contract with him, he went to play for a team in turkey and signed a two-year $4 million contract at the age of 35, and this was the year after Iverson was voted in to the all star team by fans. Obviously some of the actions that NBA owners decide to take are not compatible with their fans. All four of the teams that Iverson played with saw increased revenues in ticket sales and paraphernalia when Iverson played with them, but when he left there was a decrease in all revenues.It’s Obvious that fans of the NBA disagree with most of the decisions of the NBA and implementing a lockout would ultimately be damaging and unfavorable for the future of the NBA. Other sports have seen lockouts in the past. The MLB had a lockout between the 1994 and 1995 seasons, it concluded in the cancelation of 948 games and the entire 1995 post season, and in the end the players received their money and thatâ €™s not what the NBA wants to see. Another topic of controversy is if college players should be paid, and the punishments that are received when a player has received or even asked for any form of money.This problem escalated when Heisman voters became hesitant of voting for Cam Newton because his father was accused of asking for money for his son to play in college. Cam Newton eventually won the Heisman but during the process his was held out of one game and constantly question by reporters and investigation agents. Along with receiving improper benefits from colleges, there is the constant hazard of agents on campuses attempting to persuade players to go pro and offer them money to become a client. The N. C. A. A. have implemented a policy in which agents an’t come to practices and on campuses if not permitted by the school, but the temptation is always there for the player and for the parents of players. Most star collegiate athletes come from lower class back grounds and since they’re not getting paid in college they look to be professional as soon as possible and colleges don’t have the opportunity to reap the benefits of players when their star players are leaving after their freshmen year, and the idea of paying college athletes to keep them is unfortunately unrealistic.While most colleges draw big crowds and perform on TV, which makes money for their school, there is simply not enough money to pay every college player. Imagine over 2,500 athletes on every campus receiving money for playing. The school would soon go bankrupt especially smaller schools that don’t have the opportunity to play on TV. Then if a college was to pay their athletes there would be the problem of how much to pay them and whether or not a quarterback is to be paid the same as a girl’s softball pitcher.In court this case would have a strong argument but to fans a quarterback is going to bring more revenue than a softball pitcher but is it fair that she gets paid less even though her position is just as important. Even though most people believe that college players deserve to be paid there is simply not enough money to do so, and consequently this is the stance that the N. C. A. A. has to take to ensure that every player is receiving the same benefits as another.It’s because of this certain collegiate have suffered, but it’s better that every player has the same opportunities than for them to paid concerned about how one player in a different sport is being paid more than them when they are not performing as well. It’s true that some athletes are overpaid and that some college players deserve to be paid but these are some things that will never change. As long as players are giving their all when playing and putting on a good show every night the fans will be happy.The fact that some players have more money than they deserve is one price that owners have to pay to keep the fans happy, after all isnâ €™t that what really matters. As long as players have the support of the fans then the owners and commissioners of each sport will have to find alternate conclusions to meet their needs and satisfy everyone. Bibliography 1. Ellis, Vince. â€Å"Players, Owners Try to Prepare for Lockout at Season's End. † Detroit Free Press. 03 Oct 2010: C. 7. SIRS Researcher. Web. 27 Jan 2011. 2. Associated Press. â€Å"Allen Iverson Agrees to 2-year Deal with Turkish Club Besiktas – ESPN. ESPN: The Worldwide Leader In Sports. 29 Oct. 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2011. ;http://sports. espn. go. com/nba/news/story? id=5739651;. 3. Garrett, Mike. â€Å"How to Keep Agents Off the Field. † New York Times. 30 Oct 2010: A. 23. SIRS Researcher. Web. 27 Jan 2011. 4. Dunning, Al. â€Å"Paying Athletes Would Bankrupt Most Colleges. † Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN). 09 Jan 1995: p. D. 1. SIRS Researcher. Web. 31 Jan 2011. ————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Ellis, Vince [ 2 ]. Associated Press [ 3 ]. Garrett, Mike [ 4 ]. Dunning, Al

Disaster management approaches for libraries in India

Abstraction The present paper highlights the catastrophe and its direction in general and in libraries in electronic age. The paper besides suggested the direction methods of catastrophe in libraries. Libraries are the keeper of our history, civilization and civilisation. They are maintaining the heritage of the state in safe for last 1000s of old ages. The precaution against catastrophe for the libraries is really of import. Safeguard should be in such planned ways that save the resources of library without any harm. In India libraries are non concentrating on catastrophe direction due to unawareness and dearth of financess. Libraries and reputed Information Centres should organize plan on catastrophe direction in libraries. There should be developing and workshop plan for library forces every bit good as for library users. Library and pull offing authorization should do necessary agreement for the effectual plan of catastrophe direction in libraries. Disaster direction plan should be implement ed from the initial phase ( from the building of edifice for any administration ) . Key-Words:Catastrophe, Disaster Management, Natural Disaster, Man-Made Disaster, Disaster Management – Libraries, Artificial Disaster 1. Introduction: Now libraries of India transforming themselves from traditional library to modern library or we may state automated, electronic, digital, practical or intercrossed libraries. With the development of engineering alterations, the development of hardship besides increased. Adversity or catastrophe may be natural an artificial besides. Disaster and its direction ( Disaster Management ) now becomes the firing subject in many field due to natural catastrophe as cyclone, twister, temblor, fire due to heavy rain, H2O inundation etc. and unreal catastrophe as power grid failure, web failure, fire, waiter fail, short -circuit etc. In libraries, governments and libraries are non giving their attending for direction of any sort of catastrophe. In India except some progress libraries, most of libraries have no prearrangement for catastrophe. Libraries have our history. Civilization and civilization in books and in electronic signifier, if any catastrophe occurred they will lose valuable history, Civilization and civilization. 2. Catastrophe Catastrophe is an unexpected, black go oning transporting inordinate mutilation, harm, and devastation and desolation to life and belongings. The mutilation caused by catastrophes is incalculable and differs with the topographical location, clime and the type of the Earth surface/degree of susceptibleness. These effects may be mental, socio-economic, political and cultural province of the affected country. Catastrophe may be work forces made ( Artificial ) and natural. Some definition of catastrophe as follow: An happening doing widespread devastation and hurt ; a catastrophe.† Emergency â€Å"A serious state of affairs or happening that happens out of the blue and demands immediate action [ 1 ] .† ( American Heritage Dictionary. 3 rd. ed. , 1996 ) In modern-day academe, catastrophes are seen as the consequence of jeopardies on vulnerable countries. Hazards that occur in countries with low exposure do non ensue in a catastrophe ; as is the instance in uninhabited parts. ( Quarantelli 1998 ) [ 2 ] . Acatastropheis a natural or semisynthetic ( or technological ) jeopardy ensuing in an event of significant extent doing important physical harm or devastation, loss of life, or drastic alteration to the environment. A catastrophe can be extensively defined as any tragic event stemming from events such as temblors, inundations, ruinous accidents, fires, or detonations. It is a phenomenon that can do harm to life and belongings and destruct the economic, societal and cultural life of people. [ 3 ] 2.1 Natural Catastrophe A natural catastrophe is an deduction when a natural danger touches creatures and/or the built atmosphere. The resulting harm is governed by on the capacity of the population to back up or contend the catastrophe: their resiliency. This apprehension is concentrated in the preparation: â€Å" catastrophes occur when jeopardies meet defencelessness † . A natural danger will hereafter ne'er consequence in a natural catastrophe in countries without exposure. Numerous uniquenesss like, landslides, temblors, eruptions, volcanic, cyclones and inundations are all natural jeopardies that kill 1000s of people and destroy moneys of district and goods every clip. Followings are the chief natural catastrophes:EarthquakesFloodsVolcanic eruptionsCyclonesBiological agents ( micro-organisms, insect or vermin infestation )Fires ( wildfires )Rain2.2. Artificial ( Men Made ) Catastrophe With the technological development the jeopardies besides grows. Artificial catastrophes besides can be caused by worlds. Dangerous stuffs exigencies include chemical tumbles and groundwater pollution. Workplace fires ( caused by short-circuit etc. ) are more common and can arise significant belongings mutilation and loss of life. Communities are besides defenseless to these menaces posed by overzealous groups who use fierceness against both people and belongings. In Artificial catastrophe, marks may include military and civilian authorities installations, international airdromes, high-profile landmarks and big metropoliss. In Cyber-terrorism involves onslaughts against computing machines ( server down, virus onslaught, choping and unauthorized entree etc. ) and networks done to intimidate or coerce a authorities or its people for political or societal aims. 3. Disaster direction It is a subject that includes devising, armed robbery, and reconstructing society when natural or human-made catastrophes occur. In general, any Crisis direction is the ageless procedure by which all persons, groups, and communities manage jeopardies in an attempt to avoid or hone the impact of catastrophes ensuing from the jeopardies ‘Disaster direction can be defined as the organisation and direction of resources and duties for covering with all human-centered facets of exigencies, in peculiar readiness, response and recovery in order to decrease the impact of catastrophes. [ 4 ] 4. Catastrophe in Libraries Catastrophe either natural or manmade may happen in any administration and at any topographic point of the universe. Its earnestness may be distinguished on preventative, pre-arrangement and other security methods. Now, libraries have entered in the age of electronic age but with the coming of engineering in libraries, the technological ( Artificial ) catastrophe has besides generated. Natural catastrophe like implosion therapy, temblor, cyclones, rain and Volcanic eruptions etc. are indistinguishable and non changed but traveling toward uncertainness due to planetary heating. Day to twenty-four hours semisynthetic catastrophe as power cuts, web failure, cooling- warming, larceny of books, web tower failure, struggle, noise, and force may happen in libraries. Besides these, fire, sever failure, crashing of computing machine besides are major catastrophe in libraries. Sometimes some misshaping may change over in major catastrophe in libraries. 5. Disaster Management in Libraries: Libraries are our guardian or custodian of our history, civilization and civilisation. They are maintaining these records in printed and non-printed papers. Students, scholar outlook are besides linked with libraries. So maintenance and security of libraries are indispensable from catastrophe etc. In this concern Indian libraries ( particularly authorities and public libraries ) frustrated us. Libraries are non so secured in this concern. Most of the libraries have non installed fire dismay system in their libraries. If installed, the care of these systems is zero, merely they became show peace. Libraries are besides faces many twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours catastrophe like power-cuts ( No holding generators ) , no heating-cooling system etc. Libraries are information Centre are besides organizing many workshop, conference and seminar of ICT but neglected the subject like catastrophe direction in libraries [ 5 ] . This is doomed of Libraries as they are supplying reading stuff ( books, diaries and encyclopaedias etc. ) on catastrophe direction to their users for research but for them, there is no such ageless plan in this concern. Fundss are besides a barrier in this concern as libraries non acquiring equal financess for purchase books etc. and these catastrophes are the secondary stage for the libraries. I personally observed in many libraries that there was no such preventative equipment and measuring for this catastrophe ( natural and semisynthetic ) . Catastrophe commanding program is a must be assimilated in preliminary planning of establishing a library and information Centre. Numerous minor arrows for a complete catastrophe direction program, which are independent of each other but are interwoven. Libraries either academic or public and authorization ( Government- Non-Government ) should do the undermentioned proviso in their libraries against catastrophe direction: Fruitful Plan: Each catastrophe has three stages: earlier, during and after. A variableness of programs is required to pull off with each of these stages. There should be fruitful program for catastrophe direction. Catastrophe program must cover complete of the library and information Centre including staff, readers, beginnings of information, equipment and substructure and it must be a concerted squad attempt. Mirror Server/ Backup:There should be agreement of mirror waiter and day-to-day backup of work should be taken on regular base by the competent library staff. Data backup should non maintain in library and be placed at minimal two topographic points. A responsible staff may take this backup with them. AMC of library waiter and UPC may be an alternate security step for this. Power Supply:There should be one chief switch of light system of library and topographic point to put MCV- Light accountant should be installed in the library to avoid short-circuit in light system. Duty:There should be arrested development of duties on staff and suited should be identified and sequence should be fixed in written and verbally. Suitable senior and junior staff should be incorporated in catastrophe planning. Power-Cuts: There should be installing of Solar Power System and UPS to provide the the uninterrupted power supply. Sound proof power generator may be installed for this system. Fire:Fire dismay system and fume sensor should be installed in library on each degree so that any type of fume and fire is detected. The staff preparation is indispensable to manage such system and should openings for staff to be qui vive of what is expected of them in the event of catastrophe. Library should placing imperative parts of the edifice, aggregations, apportioning deliverance primacies, acknowledging utility storage sites, supplying satisfactory fire protection. Extra Fundss Agreement: There should be an extra fund agreement to secure the preventative equipment and for doing such catastrophe agreement in libraries. Rain- Floods: It is impartial as of import to find where the H2O is coming from and should to halt it at its cause as it is to cover up the books. There should be agreement of H2O security out system around the library. The entree of H2O should travel in direct to toss off to earth. User Awareness Program: There should be a user consciousness plan sing the catastrophe direction. This plan may be included in user education/ orientation plan of the library. Workshop/Training and Conference: Time to clip library and information centres should form preparation and workshop plan on catastrophe direction in libraries. Disaster Management Agency:Library and information centres may engage Disaster Management Agency for catastrophe direction. Library may contract with such type of bureau ( Government and Private ) . There are many such types of bureaus are available ( on-line – offline ) for catastrophe direction.6. Decision:Now the scope of catastrophe has increased, natural catastrophe is increasing due to planetary heating and unreal catastrophes ( man-made ) are increasing with the coming of Information Communication Technology. Pre-planning for catastrophe is really of import as this direction is inter-linked on each other. These planning should be implemented from the initial stage ( from the point of building of edifice of any administration like libraries ) . Time to clip mock drill should besides implement for proving of the plan. Care of such process is besides really of import. Government, non-government and pull offing governments should besides pay more attending on this issue. Go vernment should besides do such positive policies for libraries and information sing the execution of catastrophe direction.Related BibliographyAparac-Gazivoda, T. and Katalenac, D. ( 1993 ) Wounded libraries in Croatia, Zagreb: Croatian Library Association. Archives, Aldershot: Ashgate.Featherstone, Robin M. , Lyon, Becky J, and Ruffin, Angela B. ( 2008 ) .Librarian’s Role in Disaster Response: an Oral History Project. Journal of Medical Library Association, 96,256-282.doi 10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.009.Golrick, Michael A. ( 2009 ) . Disaster direction: Stairss in the procedure. Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //michaelgolrick.blogspot.com/2009/03/disaster-management-plan-steps-in.html.Saint matthews, G. and Eden, P. ( 1996 ) Disaster direction in British libraries. Project study with guidelines for library directors, London: The British Library.Saint matthews, Graham, & A ; Eden, Paul. ( 1996 ) â€Å" Disaster direction preparation in libraries † , Library R eview, Vol. 45 Iodine: 1, pp.30 – 38Riedlmayer, A. ( 2007 ) ‘Crimes of war, offenses of peace: devastation of libraries during and after the Balkan wars of the 1990s’ , Library Trends 1 ( 56 ) , 107-132.1

What Is High School Honors Societies and Classes

What Is High School Honors Societies and Classes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips High school honors can mean a lot of different things. Sometimes it refers to honors courses in your school. Other times it refers to specific honors societies that you can join, like the National Honor Society. Most high schools offer classes at three different levels: standard, honors, and AP. Standard will set you up with the basics, and AP is clearly connected to the AP exam – but what exactly does it mean when a class is honors level? And are honors classes connected to the various academic honors societies? If you are having trouble figuring out which is the right fit for you, or deciding which one would do more for your college application, or trying to make sense of the many honors organizations out there, read on for our explanation. What's the Difference Between Standard, Honors, and AP Classes? Before getting a sense of whether honors is right for you, it's a good idea to understand the differences between the levels of classes offered in high school. Of coursethe details vary by school. Some schools don’t even have honors classes, or only have honors classes in the subjects where they do not have AP classes. But here is the typical set up. (Please note that since IB diploma classes are very similar to AP classes in terms of level, for the sake of simplicity we are just going to talk about AP here). Before you dive off the highest board, make sure you can swim. Standard (or college prep) classes give you a solid foundation in a particular subject. In other words,you will learn the basics of what you need to know to continue studying that subject in high school and eventually, college. Honors classes move faster, and are harder, more in-depth, and have more complex assignments than standard classes. That means that you will learn a broader, more contextualized, more richly detailed version of the subject, and be much more ready to study it at a college level. Doing well in an honors class may improve your GPA more than a regular class, especially when your school calculates your weighted GPA. (Confused by what we mean? Let us explainthe differences between a weighted and unweighted GPA.) AP classes are meant to prepare students to take the AP exam for that subject.Theyare also harder and more rigorous than the standard level, but their focus may be slightly different in order to accommodate everything that is on the AP test. Onebig difference between honors and AP classes is the question of prerequisites. Honors classes may or may not have a prerequisite for getting in – ask your school counselor for the details. In contrast, anystudent is by policy supposed to be allowed to take any AP class if that's what he or she wants. To get the full scoop on the differences between honors and AP classes in your school, talk to a teacher in the Department you’re interested in, or your school counselor for a broader overview. Should I Take Honors or AP? If you know that you are ready for a challenge, and want to pursue a higher level of a particular class, how do you decide between honors and AP? Knowing where you're going doesn't always help with how to get there. Take the AP classif you are trying to optimize your college applications.AP is a better bet here, especially if you are planning to take the AP test, because this is a nationwide criteria that colleges can use to judge your skills and abilities against of those of applicants across the whole country. Also doing well on the AP test can earn you college credit, or at least place you out of intro classes when you get to college. Take the honors class if you are interested in a subject and your school does not have an AP version of it. It’s better to take honors than standard level and demonstrate that you are willing to challenge yourself. You should alsotake the honors class if it is taught by anamazingteacher who doesn't also teach AP. You can never overemphasizes the huge - really, lifelong! - rewards of learningfrom a fantastic teacher. Should I Join a High School Honors Society? Join us: it's all for one and one for all! For those who are passionate about or excel in specific subjects in school, honors can comefrom societies set up specifically to recognize these kinds of achievements. If the organization creates opportunities for you to do meaningful extracurricular projects or activities, then it is definitely worthwhile. Remember, unless you can describe a significant project than you did because of the society, simply being a member of one does not make a particularly impressive edition to your college application. But you have to be careful! There are also organizations that mimic legitimate honor societies in order to make money from naivestudents.For example, bewarefor-profit and non-chapter-based organizations like the National Society of High School Scholars which purposefully uses a confusing name that is very close to a legitimate organization, the National HonorsSociety. How can you tell the real honors organizations from predatory ones?Legitimate honor societies only work through chapters established in each high school. Any organization that requires you to send in dues or to apply not through your school is most likely a scam or a for-profit company. What Legitimate Honors Societies Are There? Here are the most well-known organizations around the country, grouped by subject. General Achievement Societies TheNational Honors Societyis anorganization established to recognize those outstanding high school students who have demonstrated excellence in the areas of scholarship, leadership, service, and character. Membership is based on the four pillars of National Honor Society: character, scholarship, leadership, and service. The Cum Laude Society is dedicated to honoring scholastic achievement in secondary schools. The founders of the society modeled Cum Laude after Phi Beta Kappa. The California Scholarship Federation is a state-wide organization to honor outstanding high school students in California. Subject-Specific Societies The Sociedad Honoraria Hispnica (SHH) is an honor society for high school students enrolled in Spanish and/or Portuguese, sponsored by the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP).The mission of the Sociedad Honoraria Hispnica is to recognize high school achievement in Spanish and Portuguese and to promote interest in Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian studies. The Socià ©tà © Honoraire de Franà §ais is an honor society for high school students taking French, sponsored by the American Association of Teachers of French (AATF), the largest national association of French teachers in the world.This society provides an opportunity to recognize outstanding scholarship in the study of French language. Delta Epsilon Phi (ΔΕÎ ¦) National Honor Society for High School Students of German recognizes the outstanding academic achievement of learners of German. The Tri-M Music Honor Society is the international music honor society for middle/junior high and high school students. It is designed to recognize students for their academic and musical achievements, reward them for their accomplishments and service activities, and to inspire other students to excel at music and leadership. Mu Alpha Thetais dedicated to inspiring keen interest in mathematics, developing strong scholarship in the subject, and promoting the enjoyment of mathematics in high school and two-year college students. Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society is the only national organization for high school juniors and seniors that recognizes excellence in the field of Social Studies. Rho Kappa provides national recognition and opportunities for exploration in the social studies. The National Art Honor Society (NAHS) is designed specifically to inspire and recognize high school students who have shown an outstanding ability and interest in art. What’s Next? If you are interested in joining any of these honors societies, talk to you school counselor or a teacher about establishing a chapter at your school. If you want help deciding between AP and IB classes, let us help you with our guide. Want to see each subjectbroken down by year and level? We can explain which high school English, math, science, history, foreign language, and electives you should take and when: high school English classes high school Math classes high school Science classes high school Social Studies/History classes high school electives Ready to set up a challenging curriculum? Check out our discussion of just what makes a course load rigorous. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: